Combat Sports Is Dangerous: The Effects of CTE

When you see fighters like Tony Ferguson, Evander Holyfield, and Donald Cerrone stepping back into the cage or ring after years of hard-fought battles, it’s easy to admire their resilience. They’re warriors, after all, who’ve spent decades dedicating themselves to their craft. But beneath the surface, there’s a darker story that often goes untold — one involving long-term brain damage that accumulates over years of absorbing blows to the head. This silent threat is known as CTE, or chronic traumatic encephalopathy, and it’s a condition that has reshaped the conversation around the safety of combat sports.

CTE is a progressive brain disease believed to be caused by repeated head trauma. When an athlete is hit in the head repeatedly — whether through punches, elbows, or other impacts — the brain can develop abnormal deposits of a protein called tau. This buildup gradually destroys brain cells, leading to symptoms like memory loss, confusion, depression, and even aggression. The effects of CTE can be devastating, often appearing years or even decades after the individual’s career has ended. What’s concerning is that these symptoms often worsen over time, with no cure or way to reverse the damage.

In the world of boxing and MMA, there are numerous cases that illustrate the dangers of CTE. Take, for instance, the tragic story of Muhammad Ali. His legendary boxing career left a lasting mark on the sport, but his later years were marred by severe neurological problems, likely exacerbated by CTE. In MMA, fighters like Gary Goodridge have spoken openly about the struggles they face due to long-term brain damage. Goodridge, a former Pride and UFC competitor, has expressed regret over his decision to continue fighting for as long as he did, describing how he now battles memory loss and other cognitive issues.

Then there are fighters who continue to compete into their later years, seemingly unfazed by the potential risks. Tony Ferguson, for example, has experienced a decline in performance and, arguably, health over recent years, yet he remains determined to continue fighting. Evander Holyfield, once considered among the greatest boxers of all time, made a comeback in 2021 at age 58, raising concerns about his long-term health. Similarly, Donald “Cowboy” Cerrone returned to the octagon in 2023, despite a career that’s spanned over two decades and seen him take significant punishment.

While the thrill of combat sports is undeniable, it’s essential for athletes and fans alike to be aware of the potential consequences. CTE is a complex and poorly understood condition, and with no cure, prevention becomes critical. Governing bodies in boxing and MMA have made efforts to introduce safety measures, like mandatory medical suspensions and head injury protocols, but the risk remains. Ultimately, it’s up to each fighter to weigh the costs of a career in combat sports against the potential toll it may take on their mind and body.

As fans, respecting and appreciating the dedication of these athletes also means understanding the risks they face. The legacy of a fighter should be celebrated, but it should also be a reminder of the importance of health and safety in combat sports.